Example: <origDate> (origin date)
These search results reproduce every example of the use of <origDate> in the Guidelines, including all localised and translated versions. In some cases, the examples have been drawn from discussion of other elements in the Guidelines and illustrating the use of <origDate> is not the main focus of the passage in question. In other cases, examples may be direct translations of each other, and hence identical from the perspective of their encoding.
11 Manuscript Description
11.2 The Manuscript Description Element
<msDesc>
<msIdentifier>
<settlement>Oxford</settlement>
<repository>Bodleian Library</repository>
<idno>MS. Add. A. 61</idno>
<altIdentifier type="SC">
<idno>28843</idno>
</altIdentifier>
</msIdentifier>
<msContents>
<p>
<quote>Hic incipit Bruitus Anglie,</quote> the <title>De origine et gestis
Regum Angliae</title> of Geoffrey of Monmouth (Galfridus Monumetensis): beg.
<quote>Cum mecum multa & de multis.</quote> In Latin.</p>
</msContents>
<physDesc>
<p>
<material function="support">Parchment</material>: written in
more than one hand: 7¼ x 5⅜ in., i + 55 leaves, in double columns:
with a few coloured capitals.</p>
</physDesc>
<history>
<p>Written in <origPlace>England</origPlace> in the <origDate>13th
cent.</origDate> On fol. 54v very faint is <quote>Iste liber est fratris
guillelmi de buria de ... Roberti ordinis fratrum Pred[icatorum],</quote> 14th
cent. (?): <quote>hanauilla</quote> is written at the foot of the page (15th
cent.). Bought from the rev. W. D. Macray on March 17, 1863, for £1 10s.</p>
</history>
</msDesc>
<msIdentifier>
<settlement>Oxford</settlement>
<repository>Bodleian Library</repository>
<idno>MS. Add. A. 61</idno>
<altIdentifier type="SC">
<idno>28843</idno>
</altIdentifier>
</msIdentifier>
<msContents>
<p>
<quote>Hic incipit Bruitus Anglie,</quote> the <title>De origine et gestis
Regum Angliae</title> of Geoffrey of Monmouth (Galfridus Monumetensis): beg.
<quote>Cum mecum multa & de multis.</quote> In Latin.</p>
</msContents>
<physDesc>
<p>
<material function="support">Parchment</material>: written in
more than one hand: 7¼ x 5⅜ in., i + 55 leaves, in double columns:
with a few coloured capitals.</p>
</physDesc>
<history>
<p>Written in <origPlace>England</origPlace> in the <origDate>13th
cent.</origDate> On fol. 54v very faint is <quote>Iste liber est fratris
guillelmi de buria de ... Roberti ordinis fratrum Pred[icatorum],</quote> 14th
cent. (?): <quote>hanauilla</quote> is written at the foot of the page (15th
cent.). Bought from the rev. W. D. Macray on March 17, 1863, for £1 10s.</p>
</history>
</msDesc>
11.2 The Manuscript Description Element
<msDesc>
<msIdentifier>
<settlement>Oxford</settlement>
<repository>Bodleian Library</repository>
<idno>MS. Add. A. 61</idno>
<altIdentifier type="SC">
<idno>28843</idno>
</altIdentifier>
</msIdentifier>
<msContents>
<msItem>
<author xml:lang="en">Geoffrey of Monmouth</author>
<author xml:lang="la">Galfridus Monumetensis</author>
<title type="uniform" xml:lang="la">De origine et gestis Regum Angliae</title>
<rubric xml:lang="la">Hic incipit Bruitus Anglie</rubric>
<incipit xml:lang="la">Cum mecum multa & de multis</incipit>
<textLang mainLang="la">Latin</textLang>
</msItem>
</msContents>
<physDesc>
<objectDesc form="codex">
<supportDesc material="perg">
<support>
<p>Parchment.</p>
</support>
<extent>i + 55 leaves <dimensions scope="all" type="leaf"
unit="inch">
<height>7¼</height>
<width>5⅜</width>
</dimensions>
</extent>
</supportDesc>
<layoutDesc>
<layout columns="2">
<p>In double columns.</p>
</layout>
</layoutDesc>
</objectDesc>
<handDesc>
<p>Written in more than one hand.</p>
</handDesc>
<decoDesc>
<p>With a few coloured capitals.</p>
</decoDesc>
</physDesc>
<history>
<origin>
<p>Written in <origPlace>England</origPlace> in the <origDate notAfter="1300"
notBefore="1200">13th cent.</origDate>
</p>
</origin>
<provenance>
<p>On fol. 54v very faint is <quote xml:lang="la">Iste liber est fratris
guillelmi de buria de <gap/> Roberti ordinis fratrum
Pred<ex>icatorum</ex>
</quote>, 14th cent. (?): <quote>hanauilla</quote> is
written at the foot of the page (15th cent.).</p>
</provenance>
<acquisition>
<p>Bought from the rev. <name key="MCRAYWD">W. D. Macray</name> on <date when="1863-03-17">March 17, 1863</date>, for £1 10s.</p>
</acquisition>
</history>
</msDesc>
<msIdentifier>
<settlement>Oxford</settlement>
<repository>Bodleian Library</repository>
<idno>MS. Add. A. 61</idno>
<altIdentifier type="SC">
<idno>28843</idno>
</altIdentifier>
</msIdentifier>
<msContents>
<msItem>
<author xml:lang="en">Geoffrey of Monmouth</author>
<author xml:lang="la">Galfridus Monumetensis</author>
<title type="uniform" xml:lang="la">De origine et gestis Regum Angliae</title>
<rubric xml:lang="la">Hic incipit Bruitus Anglie</rubric>
<incipit xml:lang="la">Cum mecum multa & de multis</incipit>
<textLang mainLang="la">Latin</textLang>
</msItem>
</msContents>
<physDesc>
<objectDesc form="codex">
<supportDesc material="perg">
<support>
<p>Parchment.</p>
</support>
<extent>i + 55 leaves <dimensions scope="all" type="leaf"
unit="inch">
<height>7¼</height>
<width>5⅜</width>
</dimensions>
</extent>
</supportDesc>
<layoutDesc>
<layout columns="2">
<p>In double columns.</p>
</layout>
</layoutDesc>
</objectDesc>
<handDesc>
<p>Written in more than one hand.</p>
</handDesc>
<decoDesc>
<p>With a few coloured capitals.</p>
</decoDesc>
</physDesc>
<history>
<origin>
<p>Written in <origPlace>England</origPlace> in the <origDate notAfter="1300"
notBefore="1200">13th cent.</origDate>
</p>
</origin>
<provenance>
<p>On fol. 54v very faint is <quote xml:lang="la">Iste liber est fratris
guillelmi de buria de <gap/> Roberti ordinis fratrum
Pred<ex>icatorum</ex>
</quote>, 14th cent. (?): <quote>hanauilla</quote> is
written at the foot of the page (15th cent.).</p>
</provenance>
<acquisition>
<p>Bought from the rev. <name key="MCRAYWD">W. D. Macray</name> on <date when="1863-03-17">March 17, 1863</date>, for £1 10s.</p>
</acquisition>
</history>
</msDesc>
<origDate> (fr)
<origDate> (zh-TW)
<history>
<origin>
<p>Written in <origPlace>Durham</origPlace> during <origDate notBefore="1125"
notAfter="1175">the mid-twelfth
century</origDate>.</p>
</origin>
<provenance>
<p>Recorded in two medieval catalogues of the books belonging to
<name type="org">Durham Priory</name>, made in <date>1391</date> and
<date>1405</date>.</p>
</provenance>
<provenance>
<p>Given to <name type="person">W. Olleyf</name> by <name type="person">William Ebchester, Prior (1446-56)</name> and later belonged to
<name type="person">Henry Dalton</name>, Prior of Holy Island (<name type="place">Lindisfarne</name>) according to inscriptions on ff. 4v and 5.</p>
</provenance>
<acquisition>
<p>Presented to <name type="org">Trinity College</name> in
<date>1738</date> by <name type="person">Thomas Gale</name> and his son <name type="person">Roger</name>.</p>
</acquisition>
</history>
<origin>
<p>Written in <origPlace>Durham</origPlace> during <origDate notBefore="1125"
notAfter="1175">the mid-twelfth
century</origDate>.</p>
</origin>
<provenance>
<p>Recorded in two medieval catalogues of the books belonging to
<name type="org">Durham Priory</name>, made in <date>1391</date> and
<date>1405</date>.</p>
</provenance>
<provenance>
<p>Given to <name type="person">W. Olleyf</name> by <name type="person">William Ebchester, Prior (1446-56)</name> and later belonged to
<name type="person">Henry Dalton</name>, Prior of Holy Island (<name type="place">Lindisfarne</name>) according to inscriptions on ff. 4v and 5.</p>
</provenance>
<acquisition>
<p>Presented to <name type="org">Trinity College</name> in
<date>1738</date> by <name type="person">Thomas Gale</name> and his son <name type="person">Roger</name>.</p>
</acquisition>
</history>
<msPart>
<msIdentifier>
<idno>A</idno>
<altIdentifier type="catalog">
<collection>Becker</collection>
<idno>48, Nr. 145</idno>
</altIdentifier>
<altIdentifier type="catalog">
<collection>Wiener Liste</collection>
<idno>4°5</idno>
</altIdentifier>
</msIdentifier>
<head>
<title xml:lang="la">Gregorius: Homiliae in Ezechielem</title>
<origPlace key="tgn_7008085">Weissenburg (?)</origPlace>
<origDate notBefore="0801"
notAfter="0815">IX. Jh., Anfang</origDate>
</head>
</msPart>
<msIdentifier>
<idno>A</idno>
<altIdentifier type="catalog">
<collection>Becker</collection>
<idno>48, Nr. 145</idno>
</altIdentifier>
<altIdentifier type="catalog">
<collection>Wiener Liste</collection>
<idno>4°5</idno>
</altIdentifier>
</msIdentifier>
<head>
<title xml:lang="la">Gregorius: Homiliae in Ezechielem</title>
<origPlace key="tgn_7008085">Weissenburg (?)</origPlace>
<origDate notBefore="0801"
notAfter="0815">IX. Jh., Anfang</origDate>
</head>
</msPart>
14 Names, Dates, People, and Places
<listObject>
<object xml:id="TutankhamunMask">
<objectIdentifier>
<objectName xml:lang="en">Mask of Tutankhamun</objectName>
<idno type="carter">256a</idno>
<idno type="JournalD'Entrée">60672</idno>
<idno type="exhibition">220</idno>
<institution>Museum of Egyptian Antiquities</institution>
<address>
<street>15 Meret Basha</street>
<district>Ismailia</district>
<settlement>Cairo</settlement>
<country>Egypt</country>
<location>
<geo>30.047778 31.233333</geo>
</location>
</address>
</objectIdentifier>
<msContents>
<p>The back and shoulders of the mask is inscribed with a protective spell in Egyptian hieroglyphs formed of ten
vertical and horizontal lines. This spell first appeared on masks in the Middle Kingdom at least 500 years
before Tutankhamun, and comes from chapter 151 of the <title>Book of the Dead</title>.</p>
</msContents>
<physDesc>
<p>The mask of Tutankhamun is 54cm x 39.3cm x 49cm. It is constructed from two layers of high-karat gold that
varies in thickness from 1.5-3mm. It weighs approximately 10.23kg and x-ray crystallography shows that it is
composed of two alloys of gold with a lighter 18.4 karat shade being used for the face and neck while a heavier
22.5 karat gold was used for the rest of the mask.</p>
<p>In the mask Tutankhamun wears a nemes headcloth which has the royal insignia of a cobra (Wadjet) and vulture
(Nekhbet) on it. These are thought respectively to symbolize Tutankhamun's rule of both Lower Egypt and Upper
Egypt. His ears are pierced for earrings. The mask has rich inlays of coloured glass and gemstones, including
lapis lazuli surrounding the eye and eyebrows, quartz for the eyes, obsidian for the pupils. The broad collar is
made up of carnelian, feldspar, turquoise, amazonite, faience and other stones.</p>
</physDesc>
<history>
<origin>
<p>The mask of Tutankhamun was created in <origPlace>Egypt</origPlace> around <origDate when="-1323" type="circa">1323 BC</origDate>. It is a death mask of the 18th-dynasty ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Tutankhamun
who reigned 1332–1323 BC.</p>
</origin>
<provenance>
<p>The mask of Tutankhamun was found in his burial chamber at Theban Necropolis in the Valley of the Kings in
1922. On 28 October 1925 the excavation team led by English archaeologist Howard Carter opened the heavy
sarcophagus and three coffins and were the first people in around 3,250 years to see the mask of Tutankhamun.
Carter wrote in his diary: <quote> The pins removed, the lid was raised. The penultimate scene was disclosed –
a very neatly wrapped mummy of the young king, with golden mask of sad but tranquil expression, symbolizing
Osiris … the mask bears that god's attributes, but the likeness is that of Tut.Ankh.Amen – placid and
beautiful, with the same features as we find upon his statues and coffins. The mask has fallen slightly
back, thus its gaze is straight up to the heavens. </quote>
</p>
</provenance>
<acquisition> In December 1925, the mask was removed from the tomb, placed in a crate and transported 635
kilometres (395 mi) to the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, where it remains on public display. </acquisition>
</history>
<additional>
<adminInfo>
<custodialHist>
<custEvent when="1944">When it was discovered in 1925, the 2.5kg narrow gold beard was no longer attached to
the mask and was reattached to the chin by use of a wooden dowel in 1944.</custEvent>
<custEvent when="2014-08"> In August 2014 when the mask was removed from its display case for cleaning, the
beard fell off again. Those working in the museum unadvisedly used a quick-drying epoxy to attempt to fix
it, but left the beard off-centre. </custEvent>
<custEvent when="2015-01">The damage was noticed and repaired in January 2015 by a German-Egyptian team who
used beeswax, a material known to be used as adhesives by the ancient Egyptians.</custEvent>
</custodialHist>
</adminInfo>
</additional>
</object>
</listObject>
<object xml:id="TutankhamunMask">
<objectIdentifier>
<objectName xml:lang="en">Mask of Tutankhamun</objectName>
<idno type="carter">256a</idno>
<idno type="JournalD'Entrée">60672</idno>
<idno type="exhibition">220</idno>
<institution>Museum of Egyptian Antiquities</institution>
<address>
<street>15 Meret Basha</street>
<district>Ismailia</district>
<settlement>Cairo</settlement>
<country>Egypt</country>
<location>
<geo>30.047778 31.233333</geo>
</location>
</address>
</objectIdentifier>
<msContents>
<p>The back and shoulders of the mask is inscribed with a protective spell in Egyptian hieroglyphs formed of ten
vertical and horizontal lines. This spell first appeared on masks in the Middle Kingdom at least 500 years
before Tutankhamun, and comes from chapter 151 of the <title>Book of the Dead</title>.</p>
</msContents>
<physDesc>
<p>The mask of Tutankhamun is 54cm x 39.3cm x 49cm. It is constructed from two layers of high-karat gold that
varies in thickness from 1.5-3mm. It weighs approximately 10.23kg and x-ray crystallography shows that it is
composed of two alloys of gold with a lighter 18.4 karat shade being used for the face and neck while a heavier
22.5 karat gold was used for the rest of the mask.</p>
<p>In the mask Tutankhamun wears a nemes headcloth which has the royal insignia of a cobra (Wadjet) and vulture
(Nekhbet) on it. These are thought respectively to symbolize Tutankhamun's rule of both Lower Egypt and Upper
Egypt. His ears are pierced for earrings. The mask has rich inlays of coloured glass and gemstones, including
lapis lazuli surrounding the eye and eyebrows, quartz for the eyes, obsidian for the pupils. The broad collar is
made up of carnelian, feldspar, turquoise, amazonite, faience and other stones.</p>
</physDesc>
<history>
<origin>
<p>The mask of Tutankhamun was created in <origPlace>Egypt</origPlace> around <origDate when="-1323" type="circa">1323 BC</origDate>. It is a death mask of the 18th-dynasty ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Tutankhamun
who reigned 1332–1323 BC.</p>
</origin>
<provenance>
<p>The mask of Tutankhamun was found in his burial chamber at Theban Necropolis in the Valley of the Kings in
1922. On 28 October 1925 the excavation team led by English archaeologist Howard Carter opened the heavy
sarcophagus and three coffins and were the first people in around 3,250 years to see the mask of Tutankhamun.
Carter wrote in his diary: <quote> The pins removed, the lid was raised. The penultimate scene was disclosed –
a very neatly wrapped mummy of the young king, with golden mask of sad but tranquil expression, symbolizing
Osiris … the mask bears that god's attributes, but the likeness is that of Tut.Ankh.Amen – placid and
beautiful, with the same features as we find upon his statues and coffins. The mask has fallen slightly
back, thus its gaze is straight up to the heavens. </quote>
</p>
</provenance>
<acquisition> In December 1925, the mask was removed from the tomb, placed in a crate and transported 635
kilometres (395 mi) to the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, where it remains on public display. </acquisition>
</history>
<additional>
<adminInfo>
<custodialHist>
<custEvent when="1944">When it was discovered in 1925, the 2.5kg narrow gold beard was no longer attached to
the mask and was reattached to the chin by use of a wooden dowel in 1944.</custEvent>
<custEvent when="2014-08"> In August 2014 when the mask was removed from its display case for cleaning, the
beard fell off again. Those working in the museum unadvisedly used a quick-drying epoxy to attempt to fix
it, but left the beard off-centre. </custEvent>
<custEvent when="2015-01">The damage was noticed and repaired in January 2015 by a German-Egyptian team who
used beeswax, a material known to be used as adhesives by the ancient Egyptians.</custEvent>
</custodialHist>
</adminInfo>
</additional>
</object>
</listObject>
<!-- Inside <standOff>: --><listObject>
<object xml:id="Alfred-Jewel">
<objectIdentifier>
<country>United Kingdom</country>
<region>Oxfordshire</region>
<settlement>Oxford</settlement>
<institution>University of Oxford</institution>
<repository>Ashmolean Museum</repository>
<collection>English Treasures</collection>
<idno type="ashmolean">AN1836p.135.371</idno>
<idno type="wikipedia">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Jewel</idno>
<objectName>Alfred Jewel</objectName>
</objectIdentifier>
<physDesc>
<p>The Alfred Jewel is about 6.4 cm in length and is made of combination of filigreed <material>gold</material>
surrounding a polished teardrop shaped piece of transparent <material>quartz</material>. Underneath the rock
crystal is a cloisonné enamel image of a man with ecclesiastical symbols. The sides of the jewel holding the
crystal in place contain an openwork inscription saying "AELFRED MEC HEHT GEWYRCAN", meaning 'Alfred ordered me
made'.</p>
</physDesc>
<history>
<origin>It is generally accepted that the Alfred Jewel dates from the <origDate>late 9th Century</origDate> and
was most likely made in <origPlace>England</origPlace>. </origin>
<provenance when="1693">The jewel was discovered in 1693 at Petherton Park, North Petherton in the English county
of Somerset, on land owned by Sir Thomas Wroth. North Petherton is about 8 miles away from Athelney, where King
Alfred founded a monastery. </provenance>
<provenance when="1698">A description of the Alfred Jewel was first published in 1698, in the Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society.</provenance>
<acquisition> It was bequeathed to Oxford University by Colonel Nathaniel Palmer (c. 1661-1718) and today is in
the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford. </acquisition>
</history>
</object>
</listObject>
<!-- Inside <text>: -->
<p> The <objectName ref="#MinsterLovellJewel">Minster Lovell Jewel</objectName> is probably the most similar to the
<objectName ref="#Alfred-Jewel">Alfred Jewel</objectName> and was found in <placeName ref="#MinsterLovell">Minster
Lovell</placeName> in <placeName ref="#Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</placeName> and is kept at the <orgName ref="#AshmoleanMuseum">Ashmolean Museum</orgName>.
</p>
<object type="building" xml:lang="en"
xml:id="UNAM-CL">
<objectIdentifier>
<objectName type="abbr">The Central Library of UNAM</objectName>
<objectName type="full">The Central Library of the National Autonomous University of Mexico</objectName>
<objectName xml:lang="es">La Biblioteca Central de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</objectName>
<settlement>Mexico City</settlement>
<region>Coyoacán</region>
<country>Mexico</country>
</objectIdentifier>
<physDesc>
<objectDesc>
<p>The Central Library encompasses an area of <dim unit="m" quantity="16000"
type="area">16 thousand square
meters</dim> and is built on a three meter platform. The base contains two <material>basalt</material>
<objectType>fountains</objectType> and <objectType>decorative reliefs</objectType> inspired by
pre-Hispanic art.</p>
<p>The library has ten windowless floors for book storage, each having enough space for 120 thousand volumes.
These storage areas have the necessary lighting, temperature and humidty conditions for book conservation.
In the reading room, flanked by a garden on each side, the diffuse and matte light is filtered through
<material>thin tecali stone slabs</material>. The semi-basement of the building contains the service
and administrative offices of the library.</p>
<p>The building facades are covered with one of the largest murals in the world and is made from naturally
colored stone tiles. It is entitled <title>Historical Representation of Culture</title> and is by
<persName role="artist">Juan O'Gorman</persName>.</p>
</objectDesc>
<decoDesc>
<decoNote>
<label>Base</label> At the base of the building there are two basalt fountains and decorative reliefs
around the outside that are inspired by pre-Hispanic art. The color of the stone in these elements is left
exposed to take advantage of the stone's texture as an aesthetic and expressive element, and to give a
sense of continuity to the external pavement.</decoNote>
<decoNote>
<label>Murals</label>
<p>The outside windowless portion of the building contains one of the largest murals in the world. This is
called <title>Historical Representation of the Culture</title> and is a <material>stone polychromatic
mosaic</material> based on the combination of 12 basic colors. The mural is created in an
impressionist style where the coloured tiles when seen from a distance form specific figures. The 12
colors where chosen from 150 samples of original stones with the criteria including the stone's
resistance to degredation by weather. According to the artist, <persName role="artist">Juan
O'Gorman</persName>, in the mosaic he represented three fundamental historical facets of the Mexican
culture: the pre-Hispanic era, the Spanish colonial era, and the modern age. For example with the North
Wall, this represents the pre-Hispanic era and is dominated by mythical elements relating to the
life-death duality. The left side of the main axis there are
deities and scenes pertaining to the creation of life. The right hand side of the mural contains figures
relating to death. For a more detailed description see <ref target="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Library_(UNAM)#Murals">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Library_(UNAM)#Murals</ref>.</p>
</decoNote>
</decoDesc>
</physDesc>
<history>
<origin> In <origDate when="1948" type="conceptual">1948</origDate> the architect and artist Juan O'Gorman, in
collaboration with architects Gustavo Saavedra and Juan Martinez de Velasco designed the building with a
functionalist approach, as part of the greater project of the construction of the University City on the
grounds of the Pedregal de San Angel in Mexico City. Originally the building was planned to host the National
Library and National Newspaper Library of Mexico. The library finally opened its doors for the first time on
<origDate when="1956-04-05"
type="opening">5 April 1956</origDate>. In July 2007 it was declared a UNESCO
world heritage site. </origin>
</history>
<additional>
<adminInfo>
<custodialHist>
<custEvent from="1981" to="1983"> The library was significantly remodelled from 1981 - 1983 with the
purpose of changing from closed shelving to open stacks, providing users more direct access to the
collections. </custEvent>
</custodialHist>
</adminInfo>
</additional>
</object>
xml:id="UNAM-CL">
<objectIdentifier>
<objectName type="abbr">The Central Library of UNAM</objectName>
<objectName type="full">The Central Library of the National Autonomous University of Mexico</objectName>
<objectName xml:lang="es">La Biblioteca Central de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</objectName>
<settlement>Mexico City</settlement>
<region>Coyoacán</region>
<country>Mexico</country>
</objectIdentifier>
<physDesc>
<objectDesc>
<p>The Central Library encompasses an area of <dim unit="m" quantity="16000"
type="area">16 thousand square
meters</dim> and is built on a three meter platform. The base contains two <material>basalt</material>
<objectType>fountains</objectType> and <objectType>decorative reliefs</objectType> inspired by
pre-Hispanic art.</p>
<p>The library has ten windowless floors for book storage, each having enough space for 120 thousand volumes.
These storage areas have the necessary lighting, temperature and humidty conditions for book conservation.
In the reading room, flanked by a garden on each side, the diffuse and matte light is filtered through
<material>thin tecali stone slabs</material>. The semi-basement of the building contains the service
and administrative offices of the library.</p>
<p>The building facades are covered with one of the largest murals in the world and is made from naturally
colored stone tiles. It is entitled <title>Historical Representation of Culture</title> and is by
<persName role="artist">Juan O'Gorman</persName>.</p>
</objectDesc>
<decoDesc>
<decoNote>
<label>Base</label> At the base of the building there are two basalt fountains and decorative reliefs
around the outside that are inspired by pre-Hispanic art. The color of the stone in these elements is left
exposed to take advantage of the stone's texture as an aesthetic and expressive element, and to give a
sense of continuity to the external pavement.</decoNote>
<decoNote>
<label>Murals</label>
<p>The outside windowless portion of the building contains one of the largest murals in the world. This is
called <title>Historical Representation of the Culture</title> and is a <material>stone polychromatic
mosaic</material> based on the combination of 12 basic colors. The mural is created in an
impressionist style where the coloured tiles when seen from a distance form specific figures. The 12
colors where chosen from 150 samples of original stones with the criteria including the stone's
resistance to degredation by weather. According to the artist, <persName role="artist">Juan
O'Gorman</persName>, in the mosaic he represented three fundamental historical facets of the Mexican
culture: the pre-Hispanic era, the Spanish colonial era, and the modern age. For example with the North
Wall, this represents the pre-Hispanic era and is dominated by mythical elements relating to the
life-death duality. The left side of the main axis there are
deities and scenes pertaining to the creation of life. The right hand side of the mural contains figures
relating to death. For a more detailed description see <ref target="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Library_(UNAM)#Murals">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Library_(UNAM)#Murals</ref>.</p>
</decoNote>
</decoDesc>
</physDesc>
<history>
<origin> In <origDate when="1948" type="conceptual">1948</origDate> the architect and artist Juan O'Gorman, in
collaboration with architects Gustavo Saavedra and Juan Martinez de Velasco designed the building with a
functionalist approach, as part of the greater project of the construction of the University City on the
grounds of the Pedregal de San Angel in Mexico City. Originally the building was planned to host the National
Library and National Newspaper Library of Mexico. The library finally opened its doors for the first time on
<origDate when="1956-04-05"
type="opening">5 April 1956</origDate>. In July 2007 it was declared a UNESCO
world heritage site. </origin>
</history>
<additional>
<adminInfo>
<custodialHist>
<custEvent from="1981" to="1983"> The library was significantly remodelled from 1981 - 1983 with the
purpose of changing from closed shelving to open stacks, providing users more direct access to the
collections. </custEvent>
</custodialHist>
</adminInfo>
</additional>
</object>
<listObject>
<object xml:id="Alfred_Jewel">
<objectIdentifier>
<country>United Kingdom</country>
<region>Oxfordshire</region>
<settlement>Oxford</settlement>
<institution>University of Oxford</institution>
<repository>Ashmolean Museum</repository>
<collection>English Treasures</collection>
<idno type="ashmolean">AN1836p.135.371</idno>
<idno type="wikipedia">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Jewel</idno>
<objectName>Alfred Jewel</objectName>
</objectIdentifier>
<physDesc>
<p> The Alfred Jewel is about 6.4 cm in length and is made of combination of filigreed <material>gold</material>
surrounding a polished teardrop shaped piece of transparent <material>quartz</material>. Underneath the rock
crystal is a cloisonné enamel image of a man with ecclesiastical symbols. The sides of the jewel holding the
crystal in place contain an openwork inscription saying "AELFRED MEC HEHT GEWYRCAN", meaning 'Alfred ordered
me made'. </p>
</physDesc>
<history>
<origin>It is generally accepted that the Alfred Jewel dates from the <origDate>late 9th Century</origDate> and
was most likely made in <origPlace>England</origPlace>. </origin>
<provenance when="1693">The jewel was discovered in 1693 at Petherton Park, North Petherton in the English
county of Somerset, on land owned by Sir Thomas Wroth. North Petherton is about 8 miles away from Athelney,
where King Alfred founded a monastery. </provenance>
<provenance when="1698">A description of the Alfred Jewel was first published in 1698, in the Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society.</provenance>
<acquisition> It was bequeathed to Oxford University by Colonel Nathaniel Palmer (c. 1661-1718) and today is in
the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford. </acquisition>
</history>
</object>
</listObject>
<!-- Elsewhere in document -->
<p> The <objectName ref="#MinsterLovellJewel">Minster Lovell Jewel</objectName> is probably the most similar to the
<objectName ref="#Alfred_Jewel">Alfred Jewel</objectName> and was found in <placeName ref="#MinsterLovell">Minster
Lovell</placeName> in <placeName ref="#Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</placeName> and is kept at the <orgName ref="#AshmoleanMuseum">Ashmolean Museum</orgName>.
</p>
<object xml:id="Alfred_Jewel">
<objectIdentifier>
<country>United Kingdom</country>
<region>Oxfordshire</region>
<settlement>Oxford</settlement>
<institution>University of Oxford</institution>
<repository>Ashmolean Museum</repository>
<collection>English Treasures</collection>
<idno type="ashmolean">AN1836p.135.371</idno>
<idno type="wikipedia">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Jewel</idno>
<objectName>Alfred Jewel</objectName>
</objectIdentifier>
<physDesc>
<p> The Alfred Jewel is about 6.4 cm in length and is made of combination of filigreed <material>gold</material>
surrounding a polished teardrop shaped piece of transparent <material>quartz</material>. Underneath the rock
crystal is a cloisonné enamel image of a man with ecclesiastical symbols. The sides of the jewel holding the
crystal in place contain an openwork inscription saying "AELFRED MEC HEHT GEWYRCAN", meaning 'Alfred ordered
me made'. </p>
</physDesc>
<history>
<origin>It is generally accepted that the Alfred Jewel dates from the <origDate>late 9th Century</origDate> and
was most likely made in <origPlace>England</origPlace>. </origin>
<provenance when="1693">The jewel was discovered in 1693 at Petherton Park, North Petherton in the English
county of Somerset, on land owned by Sir Thomas Wroth. North Petherton is about 8 miles away from Athelney,
where King Alfred founded a monastery. </provenance>
<provenance when="1698">A description of the Alfred Jewel was first published in 1698, in the Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society.</provenance>
<acquisition> It was bequeathed to Oxford University by Colonel Nathaniel Palmer (c. 1661-1718) and today is in
the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford. </acquisition>
</history>
</object>
</listObject>
<!-- Elsewhere in document -->
<p> The <objectName ref="#MinsterLovellJewel">Minster Lovell Jewel</objectName> is probably the most similar to the
<objectName ref="#Alfred_Jewel">Alfred Jewel</objectName> and was found in <placeName ref="#MinsterLovell">Minster
Lovell</placeName> in <placeName ref="#Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</placeName> and is kept at the <orgName ref="#AshmoleanMuseum">Ashmolean Museum</orgName>.
</p>
<listObject>
<object xml:id="MaskOfTutankhamun">
<objectIdentifier>
<objectName xml:lang="en">Mask of Tutankhamun</objectName>
<idno type="carter">256a</idno>
<idno type="JournalD'Entrée">60672</idno>
<idno type="exhibition">220</idno>
<institution>Museum of Egyptian Antiquities</institution>
<address>
<street>15 Meret Basha</street>
<district>Ismailia</district>
<settlement>Cairo</settlement>
<country>Egypt</country>
<location>
<geo>30.047778 31.233333</geo>
</location>
</address>
</objectIdentifier>
<msContents>
<p>The back and shoulders of the mask is inscribed with a protective spell in Egyptian hieroglyphs formed of ten
vertical and horizontal lines. This spell first appeared on masks in the Middle Kingdom at least 500 years
before Tutankhamun, and comes from chapter 151 of the <title>Book of the Dead</title>.</p>
</msContents>
<physDesc>
<p> The mask of Tutankhamun is 54cm x 39.3cm x 49cm. It is constructed from two layers of high-karat gold that
varies in thickness from 1.5-3mm. It weighs approximately 10.23kg and x-ray crystallography shows that it is
composed of two alloys of gold with a lighter 18.4 karat shade being used for the face and neck while a heavier
22.5 karat gold was used for the rest of the mask.</p>
<p>In the mask Tutankhamun wears a nemes headcloth which has the royal insignia of a cobra (Wadjet) and vulture
(Nekhbet) on it. These are thought respectively to symbolize Tutankhamun's rule of both Lower Egypt and Upper
Egypt. His ears are pierced for earrings. The mask has rich inlays of coloured glass and gemstones, including
lapis lazuli surrounding the eye and eyebrows, quartz for the eyes, obsidian for the pupils. The broad collar is
made up of carnelian, feldspar, turquoise, amazonite, faience and other stones.</p>
</physDesc>
<history>
<origin>
<p>The mask of Tutankhamun was created in <origPlace>Egypt</origPlace> around <origDate when="-1323" type="circa">1323 BC</origDate>. It is a death mask of the 18th-dynasty ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Tutankhamun
who reigned 1332–1323 BC. </p>
</origin>
<provenance>
<p>The mask of Tutankhamun was found in his burial chamber at Theban Necropolis in the Valley of the Kings in
1922. On 28 October 1925 the excavation team led by English archaeologist Howard Carter opened the heavy
sarcophagus and three coffins and were the first people in around 3,250 years to see the mask of Tutankhamun.
Carter wrote in his diary: <quote> The pins removed, the lid was raised. The penultimate scene was disclosed –
a very neatly wrapped mummy of the young king, with golden mask of sad but tranquil expression, symbolizing
Osiris … the mask bears that god's attributes, but the likeness is that of Tut.Ankh.Amen – placid and
beautiful, with the same features as we find upon his statues and coffins. The mask has fallen slightly
back, thus its gaze is straight up to the heavens. </quote>
</p>
</provenance>
<acquisition> In December 1925, the mask was removed from the tomb, placed in a crate and transported 635
kilometres (395 mi) to the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, where it remains on public display. </acquisition>
</history>
<additional>
<adminInfo>
<custodialHist>
<custEvent when="1944">When it was discovered in 1925, the 2.5kg narrow gold beard was no longer attached to
the mask and was reattached to the chin by use of a wooden dowel in 1944.</custEvent>
<custEvent when="2014-08"> In August 2014 when the mask was removed from its display case for cleaning, the
beard fell off again. Those working in the museum unadvisedly used a quick-drying epoxy to attempt to fix
it, but left the beard off-centre. </custEvent>
<custEvent when="2015-01">The damage was noticed and repaired in January 2015 by a German-Egyptian team who
used beeswax, a material known to be used as adhesives by the ancient Egyptians.</custEvent>
</custodialHist>
</adminInfo>
</additional>
</object>
</listObject>
<object xml:id="MaskOfTutankhamun">
<objectIdentifier>
<objectName xml:lang="en">Mask of Tutankhamun</objectName>
<idno type="carter">256a</idno>
<idno type="JournalD'Entrée">60672</idno>
<idno type="exhibition">220</idno>
<institution>Museum of Egyptian Antiquities</institution>
<address>
<street>15 Meret Basha</street>
<district>Ismailia</district>
<settlement>Cairo</settlement>
<country>Egypt</country>
<location>
<geo>30.047778 31.233333</geo>
</location>
</address>
</objectIdentifier>
<msContents>
<p>The back and shoulders of the mask is inscribed with a protective spell in Egyptian hieroglyphs formed of ten
vertical and horizontal lines. This spell first appeared on masks in the Middle Kingdom at least 500 years
before Tutankhamun, and comes from chapter 151 of the <title>Book of the Dead</title>.</p>
</msContents>
<physDesc>
<p> The mask of Tutankhamun is 54cm x 39.3cm x 49cm. It is constructed from two layers of high-karat gold that
varies in thickness from 1.5-3mm. It weighs approximately 10.23kg and x-ray crystallography shows that it is
composed of two alloys of gold with a lighter 18.4 karat shade being used for the face and neck while a heavier
22.5 karat gold was used for the rest of the mask.</p>
<p>In the mask Tutankhamun wears a nemes headcloth which has the royal insignia of a cobra (Wadjet) and vulture
(Nekhbet) on it. These are thought respectively to symbolize Tutankhamun's rule of both Lower Egypt and Upper
Egypt. His ears are pierced for earrings. The mask has rich inlays of coloured glass and gemstones, including
lapis lazuli surrounding the eye and eyebrows, quartz for the eyes, obsidian for the pupils. The broad collar is
made up of carnelian, feldspar, turquoise, amazonite, faience and other stones.</p>
</physDesc>
<history>
<origin>
<p>The mask of Tutankhamun was created in <origPlace>Egypt</origPlace> around <origDate when="-1323" type="circa">1323 BC</origDate>. It is a death mask of the 18th-dynasty ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Tutankhamun
who reigned 1332–1323 BC. </p>
</origin>
<provenance>
<p>The mask of Tutankhamun was found in his burial chamber at Theban Necropolis in the Valley of the Kings in
1922. On 28 October 1925 the excavation team led by English archaeologist Howard Carter opened the heavy
sarcophagus and three coffins and were the first people in around 3,250 years to see the mask of Tutankhamun.
Carter wrote in his diary: <quote> The pins removed, the lid was raised. The penultimate scene was disclosed –
a very neatly wrapped mummy of the young king, with golden mask of sad but tranquil expression, symbolizing
Osiris … the mask bears that god's attributes, but the likeness is that of Tut.Ankh.Amen – placid and
beautiful, with the same features as we find upon his statues and coffins. The mask has fallen slightly
back, thus its gaze is straight up to the heavens. </quote>
</p>
</provenance>
<acquisition> In December 1925, the mask was removed from the tomb, placed in a crate and transported 635
kilometres (395 mi) to the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, where it remains on public display. </acquisition>
</history>
<additional>
<adminInfo>
<custodialHist>
<custEvent when="1944">When it was discovered in 1925, the 2.5kg narrow gold beard was no longer attached to
the mask and was reattached to the chin by use of a wooden dowel in 1944.</custEvent>
<custEvent when="2014-08"> In August 2014 when the mask was removed from its display case for cleaning, the
beard fell off again. Those working in the museum unadvisedly used a quick-drying epoxy to attempt to fix
it, but left the beard off-centre. </custEvent>
<custEvent when="2015-01">The damage was noticed and repaired in January 2015 by a German-Egyptian team who
used beeswax, a material known to be used as adhesives by the ancient Egyptians.</custEvent>
</custodialHist>
</adminInfo>
</additional>
</object>
</listObject>
<listObject>
<object xml:id="AlfredJewel">
<objectIdentifier>
<country>United Kingdom</country>
<region>Oxfordshire</region>
<settlement>Oxford</settlement>
<institution>University of Oxford</institution>
<repository>Ashmolean Museum</repository>
<collection>English Treasures</collection>
<idno type="ashmolean">AN1836p.135.371</idno>
<idno type="wikipedia">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Jewel</idno>
<objectName>Alfred Jewel</objectName>
</objectIdentifier>
<physDesc>
<p> The Alfred Jewel is about 6.4 cm in length and is made of combination of filigreed <material>gold</material>
surrounding a polished teardrop shaped piece of transparent <material>quartz</material>. Underneath the rock crystal
is a cloisonné enamel image of a man with ecclesiastical symbols. The sides of the jewel holding the crystal in
place contain an openwork inscription saying "AELFRED MEC HEHT GEWYRCAN", meaning 'Alfred ordered me made'. </p>
</physDesc>
<history>
<origin>It is generally accepted that the Alfred Jewel dates from the <origDate>late 9th Century</origDate> and was
most likely made in <origPlace>England</origPlace>. </origin>
<provenance when="1693">The jewel was discovered in 1693 at Petherton Park, North Petherton in the English county of
Somerset, on land owned by Sir Thomas Wroth. North Petherton is about 8 miles away from Athelney, where King Alfred
founded a monastery. </provenance>
<provenance when="1698">A description of the Alfred Jewel was first published in 1698, in the Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society.</provenance>
<acquisition> It was bequeathed to Oxford University by Colonel Nathaniel Palmer (c. 1661-1718) and today is in the
Ashmolean Museum in Oxford. </acquisition>
</history>
</object>
</listObject>
<object xml:id="AlfredJewel">
<objectIdentifier>
<country>United Kingdom</country>
<region>Oxfordshire</region>
<settlement>Oxford</settlement>
<institution>University of Oxford</institution>
<repository>Ashmolean Museum</repository>
<collection>English Treasures</collection>
<idno type="ashmolean">AN1836p.135.371</idno>
<idno type="wikipedia">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Jewel</idno>
<objectName>Alfred Jewel</objectName>
</objectIdentifier>
<physDesc>
<p> The Alfred Jewel is about 6.4 cm in length and is made of combination of filigreed <material>gold</material>
surrounding a polished teardrop shaped piece of transparent <material>quartz</material>. Underneath the rock crystal
is a cloisonné enamel image of a man with ecclesiastical symbols. The sides of the jewel holding the crystal in
place contain an openwork inscription saying "AELFRED MEC HEHT GEWYRCAN", meaning 'Alfred ordered me made'. </p>
</physDesc>
<history>
<origin>It is generally accepted that the Alfred Jewel dates from the <origDate>late 9th Century</origDate> and was
most likely made in <origPlace>England</origPlace>. </origin>
<provenance when="1693">The jewel was discovered in 1693 at Petherton Park, North Petherton in the English county of
Somerset, on land owned by Sir Thomas Wroth. North Petherton is about 8 miles away from Athelney, where King Alfred
founded a monastery. </provenance>
<provenance when="1698">A description of the Alfred Jewel was first published in 1698, in the Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society.</provenance>
<acquisition> It was bequeathed to Oxford University by Colonel Nathaniel Palmer (c. 1661-1718) and today is in the
Ashmolean Museum in Oxford. </acquisition>
</history>
</object>
</listObject>